THE STORY OF PRESIDENT

The story of Indonesian President

(1)

President Ir.Soekarno

Dr . ( HC ) Ir . Soekarno1 ( ER , EYD : Sukarno , born name : Koesno Sosrodihardjo )
( born in Surabaya , East Java , June 6, 1901 - died in Jakarta , June 21, 1970 at the age of 69 years ) is Indonesia 's first president , who served in the period 1945-1966 . He played an important role in liberating the nation of Indonesia from Dutch colonialism . He is Proclaimer of Indonesian Independence ( along with Mohammad Hatta ) which occurred on August 17, 1945 . Sukarno was the first time proposed a concept of the Pancasila as the Indonesian state and he himself is named .
Soekarno signed March 11, 1966 Warrant Supersemar controversial , that it based version released Army Headquarters , commissioned Lieutenant General Suharto to secure and maintain the security of the state and the institution of the presidency .
 Supersemar the basis Lt. Gen. Suharto to dissolve the Communist Party of Indonesia ( PKI ) and replace the members who sit in parliament .
After the People's Consultative Assembly rejected responsibility (MPRS ) in the fourth general assembly in 1967 , Sukarno was dismissed from his post as president of the Special Session of the Assembly in the same year and replace Suharto as acting President of the Republic of Indonesia .
The period of the national movement
Sukarno became famous for the first time when he was a member of Jong Java Surabaya branch in 1915 . Those Soekarno nature of the organization that is Java - centric , and just think of any culture is a challenge . In the annual plenary meeting held Sukarno Surabaya branch Jong Java tumultuous session with a speech using low Javanese language ( coarse ) . A month later he sparked a fierce debate by suggesting that Java Jong newspaper published in Malay only, and not in Dutch .
In 1926 , Sukarno founded the Algemene Study Club in Bandung, which is the result of inspiration from Dr. Indonesische Study Club . Atopic Dermatitis .
This organization became the forerunner of the Indonesian National Party which was founded in 1927 . Activity in PNI caused Sukarno was arrested Netherlands on December 29, 1929 in Yogyakarta and the next day moved to London , was thrown into prison for Banceuy . In 1930 he moved to Sukamiskin and in that year he raised a phenomenal Indonesian pledoi Sues ( plea ) , until released again on December 31, 1931 .
In July 1932 , Sukarno joined the Party of Indonesia ( Partindo ) , which is a fraction of the PNI . Sukarno re- arrested in August 1933 , and was exiled to Flores . Here , Soekarno almost forgotten by the national figures . But his spirit still burning as implied in every letter to a teacher named Ahmad Hasan Islamic Union .
In 1938 until 1942 Sukarno was exiled to Bengkulu Province .
New Soekarno -free return during the Japanese occupation in 1942 .
period of independence
President Soekarno was appointed as the President of the Republic of Indonesia (RIS ) and Mohammad Hatta was appointed prime minister of the RIS . The office of President of the Republic of Indonesia submitted to Mr. Assaat , which became known as the Java - Yogyakarta Indonesia . However, due to the demands of the people of Indonesia who want to return to a unitary state , then on August 17, 1950 , RIS again changed to the Republic of Indonesia and President Sukarno becomes President. The mandate of Mr Assaat as acting President handed back to Ir . Sukarno . Official position of President Sukarno was president of the constitutional , but in fact government policy made ​​after consulting him .
Soekarno-Hatta Duet myth is quite popular and more powerful among the people compared to the prime minister head of government . The rise and fall of the famous cabinet as a " cabinet for the rest of the corn " to make less trusting of President Sukarno multiparty system , even calling it a " disease of the party " .
Not infrequently , he also intervene to mediate conflicts in the military which also affected the rise and fall of the cabinet . As the events October 17, 1952 and events in the Air Force .

(2)

President Suharto

Gen. . TNI Ret . Haji Muhammad Suharto , ( ER , EYD : Suharto ) ( born in Hamlet Kemusuk , Argomulyo Village , Sedayu subdistrict , Bantul , Yogyakarta , June 8, 1921 - died in Jakarta , January 27, 2008 at the age of 86 years ) was the second President of Indonesia (1967 -1998 ) , replacing Sukarno . In the international world , especially in the Western World , Suharto often referred to as the popular " The Smiling General " ( Indonesian : " The General is Smiling " ) because his face is always smiling .

Before becoming president , Suharto was a military leader during the Japanese occupation and the Netherlands , with the rank of Major General . After the 30 September Movement , Suharto stated that PKI is the responsible party and led the operation to put it down . The operation killed more than 500,000 peo

Suharto then seized power from Sukarno , and officially became president in 1968 . He was re-elected by the Assembly in 1973 , 1978 , 1983, 1988 , 1993 , and 1998 . In 1998 , his term ends after stepping down on May 21, the year , following the May 1998 riots and occupation of DPR / MPR building by thousands of students . He is the longest in the Indonesian presidency . Suharto was replaced by B.J. Habibie .

Relic of Suharto are still debated to this day . In his reign , the so-called New Order , Soeharto build a stable country and achieve economic progress and infrastructure .

Suharto also restrict freedom of Indonesian citizens of Chinese descent , occupied East Timor , and regarded as the most corrupt regimes of all time with the amount of U.S. $ 15 billion to U.S. $ 35 billion . Efforts to prosecute Suharto failed due to poor health . After a prolonged illness , he died of a multifunctional organ failure in Jakarta on January 27, 2008 .

Power Up

On the morning of October 1, 1965 , some of the presidential guard , under Lieutenant Colonel Tjakrabirawa Fortunately Syamsuri with other squads kidnapped and killed six generals . In the event General A.H. Nasution, who served as Coordinating Minister of Defense and Armed Forces chief of staff managed to escape . One is saved , which is not a target of the coup attempt was Major General Suharto , despite Suharto became a question whether or not it is involved in an event known as the G - 30 - S 's . Some sources said the forces involved Tjakrabirawa it stated that they tried to stop a military coup backed by the CIA planned to get rid of President Sukarno from power on " Armed Forces Day " , October 5, 1965 by a military body known as the General Council .

These events are immediately addressed by Major General Suharto to immediately secure Jakarta , according to the official version of history in the New Order era , especially after getting the news that Lt. Gen. Ahmad Yani , Minister / Commander of the Army is not known to exist . It is actually based on the prevailing custom in the Army that if the Army Commander was unable to attend , then Commander of the Army Strategic Reserve Command carry out their duties . This action is reinforced by the decline Order known as the Decree of March 11 ( Supersemar ) of President Sukarno, who gave the authority and mandate to Suharto to take any action to restore security and order . Steps taken Suharto was immediately dissolved the Communist Party of Indonesia ( PKI ) even had opposed President Sukarno , the arrest of a number of ministers allegedly involved in the G - 30 - S ( 30 September Movement ) . This action is said according to international observers as a step to get rid of the Indonesian Armed Forces pro - Sukarno and pro - Communists who actually addressed to the Indonesian Air Force in which the ranks of leadership in particular Air Force Commander Air Marshal Omar Dhani Admiral assessed pro Sukarno and the Communists , and eventually forced Sukarno to hand over executive power . Cleansing action of the elements communist ( PKI ) brought an action execution in Indonesian Communist Party members that led to the systematic murder of approximately 500 thousand " suspected communists " , mostly civilians , and violence against Indonesian Chinese minority . Suharto is said to receive the support of the CIA in the communist crackdown . American diplomats 25 years later revealed that they had written a list of " communist operations " Indonesia and has submitted 5,000 names to the Indonesian military . Been Huang , a former member of the U.S. political embassy in Jakarta said in 1990 that : " It is a big help for the armed forces . They might kill a lot of people , and I most likely have a lot of blood on my hands , but not that bad. There are times when you have to strike hard at the right time . " Howard Fenderspiel , Indonesia expert at the State Department 's Bureau of Intelligence and Research in 1965 : " No one cares , as long as they are communists , they were slaughtered . Nobody works about him . " 1 He ended the confrontation with Malaysia in order to free up resources in military .

Once sworn in as Chief Minister of the Army on October 14, 1965 , he immediately dissolve the PKI and its mass organizations . Right March 11, 1966 , he received the Order of March ( Supersemar ) of President Sukarno by three generals , namely Basuki Rachmat , Amir Machmud , and M Yusuf . Fill Supersemar is giving power to Suharto for and on behalf of the President / Supreme Commander / Commander of the Revolution in order to take action it deems necessary to guarantee security , tranquility , and stability of the running of the government and the course of the revolution . A day later , March 12, 1966 , Lt. Gen. Suharto Menpangad dissolve the PKI and expressed as a party banned in Indonesia .

Due to the political situation worsened after the outbreak G-30-S/PKI , Special Session of the Assembly in March 1967 , Suharto who had received promotion as a four-star general on July 1, 1966 was appointed as acting president by the MPRS Decree No. XXXIII/1967 on February 22 , 1967. MPRS No. As holder XXX/1967 , Suharto then receive a transfer of power from President Sukarno government . Through the Special Session of the Assembly , on March 7, 1967 , Suharto was appointed as acting president until the election of the president by the Assembly election results .

General Suharto designated as acting president on March 12, 1967 after President Sukarno's accountability ( Nawaksara ) rejected the Assembly . Then , according to the results Suharto became president of the Assembly General Assembly ( MPRS Decree No. XLIV/MPRS/1968 ) on March 27, 1968 . Aside from being president , he also doubled as the Secretary of Defense / Security . On June 1, 1968 Old . From now known term New Order . The composition of the cabinet that was announced on June 10, 1968 Development Cabinet named " five-year plan " I. On June 15, 1968 , President Suharto formed President's Economic Expert Team consisting of Prof. Dr. Widjojo Nitisastro , Prof. Dr. Ali Ward , Prof. Dr. Mohammad Sadli , Prof. Dr. Soemitro Djojohadikusomo , Prof. Dr. Subroto , Dr. Emil Salim , Drs Frans Seda , and Drs Prawiro .

On July 3, 1971 , the president raised the 100 members of the House Armed Services and vice chair gives 9 Province of West Irian to representatives of Golkar . After combining the forces of political parties , Suharto became president re-elected by the General Assembly of the Assembly ( MPR Decree No. IX/MPR/1973 ) on March 23, 1973 for the second time positions . Currently , IX lane with him as vice president .

At the age of 55 years , Suharto retired from military service ( Keprres No. 58/ABRI/1974 ) . Crowning achievement in the political world helped complete the story of his life as a ruler . After reaching the position of shoots in the republic , stretching his power began to show its fangs . On January 20, 1978 , President Soeharto banned the seven published papers , namely Kompas , Sinar Harapan , Freedom , Pelita , the Indonesian Times , Rays Morning , Afternoon and Pos . Some of them later apologized to Suharto .

On March 22, 1978 , president Suharto inaugurated back for the third time period and Adam Malik as vice president . General Session March 1, 1983 decided to opt back Soeharto as president and vice president Omar Wirahadikusumah . Through V MPR Decree No. 1983, the Assembly appointed Soeharto as the Father of Development of the Republic of Indonesia . On March 16, 1983 ,

President Suharto announced the composition of the Fourth Development Cabinet consists of 21 ministers , three coordinating ministers , eight deputy ministers , and three ministerial-level officials . On January 1, 1984 , President Soeharto Golkar fill out the membership form and since then he was officially a member of Golkar .

Some political observers , both domestic and abroad say that the parliament of the communist Suharto cleaning , getting rid of the unions and increasing the sensor . He also broke off diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China and established relations with western countries and the United Nations . He became decisive in all political decisions .

General Suharto is said to increase military funding and established two intelligence agencies - Command for the Restoration of Security and Order ( Kopkamtib ) and the National Intelligence Coordinating Agency ( Bakin ) . About 2 million people were executed in mass cleanup and more than 200,000 were arrested only on suspicion of involvement in the coup . Many communists , suspected communists and the so-called " enemies of the state " put to death ( although some sentence delayed until 1990) .

It was alleged that the list of suspected communists by Suharto was given into the hands of the CIA . In addition , the CIA track the names on this list when the Suharto regime began looking for them . This unspoken support of the Government of the United States to the Suharto regime remained silent until the invasion of East Timor , and continued until the late 1990s . Because the wealth of natural resources and a large population of consumers , Indonesia valued as trading partners the United States and so is the delivery of weapons but retained to the Suharto regime . When Suharto mengumjungi Washington in 1995, Clinton cited an administrative officer in the New York Times said that Suharto was " people like us" or " our group " .

On March 12, 1967 was appointed as Acting President Suharto Indonesia by MPR meantime . A year later , on March 27, 1968 he was officially appointed as the President for a term of five years first . He directly appoint 20% of members of the Assembly . Golkar Party become the party favorite and the only one accepted by government officials . Indonesia is also one of the founders of ASEAN .

Indonesian economy is really in shambles in the mid-1960s . Suharto was then sought the advice of a team of Western-educated economists result is widely known as the " Berkeley mafia " . Short-term goal of this new rule is to control inflation , stabilize the rupiah , acquire foreign debt , and encourage foreign investment . And for this one thing , their success can not be denied . Humardani Sudjono role as a major financial assistant means in achieving this .

In the field of political science, Suharto Murtopo handed it to an assistant for political affairs . Eliminate opposition to weaken the power of political parties is done through the fusion of the party system .

The new order

During his rule , President Suharto set economic growth as the principal duty and purpose of government . He raised a lot of technocrats and economists who previously opposed by President Sukarno, who tend to be socialist . Technocrats who are generally well educated and liberal west ( United States ) was appointed Berkeley graduates so they are known in economics as the Berkeley Mafia Click on the Economy , Industry and Finance Indonesia. At the time , Indonesian economic and financial assistance from donor countries ( developed countries ) that joined Dalan IGGI are sponsored by the Dutch government . But in 1992 , IGGI stopped by the Indonesian government because they interfere in Indonesia's internal affairs , especially in the case of East Timor, after Dili incident . IGGI role is replaced by donor -sponsored French CGI . In addition , Indonesia has received assistance from other international agencies such as UNICEF under the UN , UNESCO and WHO . But unfortunately , the failure of economic management , which is based in the trickle down effect systems ( trickle down ) is concerned with the growth and management of the economy as well as the handful of bad economic management and financial industry trade ( EKUIN ) government , making Indonesia ultimately dependent on international donors, particularly the post- crisis , 1997. Economically also , recorded Indonesia experienced a rice self-sufficiency in 1984 . Yet achievement it turned out to not be maintained in subsequent years . Then Indonesia's economic progress when it was considered so significant that Indonesia had entered the country closer to a New Industrial countries along with Malaysia , the Philippines and Thailand , in addition to Singapore , the Republic of China , and South Korea .

On the political front , President Soeharto unification of political parties at the time it was known that the three political parties namely the United Development Party ( PPP ) , Functional Group ( Golkar ) and the Indonesian Democratic Party ( PDI ) in its efforts to simplify political life in Indonesia as a result of politics of president Sukarno, who uses a multiparty system resulting in rise and fall of the cabinet and is considered the cause of the stagnation of development . Then dikeluarkannnya Political Laws and Principles sole principle that characterizes the political life of the time. But along the way , there is inequality in political life where comes the term " single majority " in which Golkar made ​​castrate two main parties and other political parties in every organization ELECTION . Grievances arise , but can be muted by the system at that time .

Along with the rising level of education during his reign because of economic growth , there was a wide range of criticism and discontent over inequality inequality in development . Economic inequality , social and political circles bring disgruntled and demanding improvement . Later in his reign , there appeared the violence in society generally full of political interests , in addition to it because of public dissatisfaction.

(3)

President Bacharuddin jusuf habibie

Prof . DR . Ing. Bacharuddin H. Jusuf Habibie ( born in Pare-Pare , South Sulawesi , June 25, 1936 , age 77 years ) was the third President of the Republic of Indonesia . It replaces the Suharto resigned as president on May 21, 1998 . His post was replaced by Abdurrahman Wahid ( Gus Dur ) who was elected president on October 20, 1999 by the Assembly election results 1999. With served for 2 months and 7 days as vice president , and 1 year and 5 months as president , Habibie is also the Vice President and the President of Indonesia with the shortest tenure .

Habibie inherited condition of the chaotic state of the country after the resignation of Suharto in the new order , giving rise to widespread unrest and disintegerasi almost all parts of Indonesia . Soon after gaining the power of President Habibie quickly assembled a cabinet . One important task is re-gain the support of the International Monetary Fund and the community of donor countries for the economic recovery program . He also freed political prisoners and easing controls on freedom of speech and activities of the organization .

In the era of his short reign he managed to give a solid foundation for Indonesian , born in the era Anti-Monopoly Act or Fair Competition Act , Political Parties Act changes and the most important is the regional autonomy law . Through the implementation of regional autonomy laws disintergrasi this turmoil is inherited from the New Order era and eventually completed successfully suppressed in the era of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono , in the absence of regional autonomy laws can be sure Indonesia will experience the same fate as the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia .

Appointment B.J. Habibie as president cause various controversies for the Indonesian people . Parties consider the appointment of Habibie pro constitutional . This is in accordance with the provisions of Article 8 UUD 1945 which states that " if the President die, resign , or unable to perform his duty in his tenure , he was replaced by Vice- President until the end time " . While the counter party considers that the appointment of BJ Habibie was unconstitutional . This is contrary to the provisions of Article 9 UUD 1945 which states that " before the president took office the president must take an oath or pledge in front of the Assembly or the House of Representatives " .

The steps are performed BJ Habibie in politics is :

Giving freedom to the aspirations of the people for so many emerging new political parties that as many as 48 political parties

Freeing political prisoners ( detainees ) as Sri Bintang Pamungkas ( former member of Parliament who went to jail for criticizing President Suharto ) and Mochtar Pakpahan ( labor leader who was sentenced for allegedly sparked riots in Medan 1994 )

Lifted the ban on the establishment of independent trade unions

Forming three democratic laws are:

Law no. 2 of 1999 on Political Parties

Law no. 3 of 1999 on the Election

Law no. 4 Structure 1999 on the Status of DPR / MPR

MPR Decree establishes 12 and there are 4 answers reflect the provisions of the demands for reform are:

No. MPR . VIII/MPR/1998 , Tap No. of revocation . IV/MPR/1983 tentangReferendum

No. MPR . XVIII/MPR/1998 , on MPR Decree No. revocation . II/MPR/1978 of Pancasila as the sole principle

No. MPR . XII/MPR/1998 , on MPR Decree No. revocation . V/MPR/1978 about President a mandate from the Assembly to have the rights and policy beyond the statutory limits

No. MPR . XIII/MPR/1998 , on restricted tenure of President and Vice- President of a maximum of only two periods .

12 MPR Decree include:

No. MPR . X/MPR/1998 , on the main points of reform and development in order to rescue the normalization of life national as state policy

No. MPR . XI/MPR/1998 , on the administration of the country is clean and free of corruption , collusion , and nepotism

No. MPR . XIII/MPR/1998 , about term limits for president and vice president of the Republic of Indonesia

No. MPR . XV/MPR/1998 , on the implementation of regional autonomy

No. MPR . XVI/MPR/1998 , about economic policy in the framework of economic democracy

No. MPR . XVII/MPR/1998 , on Human Rights ( HAM )

No. MPR . VII/MPR/1998 , about the changes and the addition of MPR Decree No. . I/MPR/1998 about disciplinary rules MPR

No. MPR . XIV/MPR/1998 , on the General Election

No. MPR . III/V/MPR/1998 , on referendum

No. MPR . IX/MPR/1998 , of the Guidelines

No. MPR . XII/MPR/1998 , regarding the provision of special duties and powers to the President / mandatory of the Assembly in order to succeed and safeguarding national development as the Pancasila

No. MPR . XVIII/MPR/1998 , on revocation Guidelines appreciation and practice of Pancasila ( P4 )

In the economic field , he managed to cut the value of the rupiah against the dollar is still ranging between Rp 10,000 - Rp 15,000 . But at the end of his reign , especially after the Assembly denied responsibility , meteoric rise in the rupiah at Rp 6500 per U.S. dollar value will never be reached again in the next era . In addition , he also started applying the independence of Bank Indonesia 's economy to be more focused care . To resolve the financial crisis and economic recovery of Indonesia, BJ Habibie perform the following steps :

Restructuring and banking recapitulation through the establishment of IBRA and the State Asset Management unit

Liquidate some troubled banks

Raising the value of the rupiah against the dollar to below Rp . 10,000.00

Form the monitoring agency and the foreign debt problem resolution

Implement economic reforms required by the IMF

Passed Law . 5 of 1999 on the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Competition

Passed Law . 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection

One mistake is the biggest opposition party assessed after serving as President , BJ Habibie to allow a referendum province of East Timor ( now Timor Leste ) , he made it quite shocking that the public at the time, which held a poll for East Timorese to choose independence or remain part of Indonesia . At the time of his presidency , East Timor separated from the Republic of Indonesia and became a separate sovereign state on August 30, 1999 . Unscrews East Timor on the one hand was the chagrin of the majority of Indonesian citizens , but on the other hand have the names Indonesia frequently contaminated by allegations of infringement human rights in East Timor .

Case is what drives the opposition parties are not satisfied with the background of the more enterprising dropped Habibie Habibie . This effort finally got it done at the General Assembly in 1999 , he decided not to run again after his accountability report was rejected by the Assembly .

The view of the Habibie government at the beginning of the reform era tends to be negative , but in line with the development of many times that the positive rate Habibie government . False positive outlook was raised by L. Misbah Hidayat In his book Administrative Reform : Comparative Study Three Presidential Administration .

" The vision , mission and presidents Habibie leadership in implementing the reform agenda can not be separated from his life experiences . Every decision made is based on factors that can be measured . So no wonder every policy taken sometimes makes people shocked and do not understand . Even some people consider Habibie apolitical and unfeeling . Habibie such leadership patterns can be understood considering his educational background as a doctorate in the field of aircraft construction . In connection with the spirit of democratization , Habibie has made changes to establish transparent governance and dialogue . Democratic principles are also applied in economic policy with law enforcement and is intended for the welfare of the people . In managing day-to- haripun cabinet , Habibie to make major changes . He improves coordination and remove egosentisme sekotral antarmenteri . In addition a number of creative coloring Habibie leadership style in dealing with the nation .

To solve the economic problems , for example , he raised the businessman became a special envoy . And the entrepreneurs themselves who bear the costs . The task is very important , because one of the weaknesses of the government is less explain the real state of Indonesia in the international community . Meanwhile the press , especially the foreign press , impressed only expose the negative news about Indonesia so unbalanced in the news .

(4)

President Abdurahman Wahid

Kiai Haji Abdurrahman Wahid , nicknamed Gus Dur ( born in Jombang , East Java , 7 September 1940 - died in Ciganjur , December 30, 2009 at the age of 69 years ) is Indonesian Muslim leaders and political leaders who became the fourth President of Indonesia from 1999 to , 2001. President BJ Habibie He replaced after being selected by the People's Consultative Assembly General Election outcome member House of Representatives and the Regional Representative Council of Indonesia 1999 | Elections 1999. implementation of government assisted by the Cabinet of National Unity . Abdurrahman Wahid 's presidency began on October 20, 1999 and ending at the Special Session of the Assembly in 2001 . Exactly July 23, 2001 , his leadership was replaced by Megawati Sukarnoputri after the mandate is revoked by the Assembly . Wahid is a former chairman of Tanfidziyah ( executive body ) of the Nahdlatul Ulama and the founder of the National Awakening Party ( PKB ) .

Abdurrahman Wahid was born on the 4th and the 8th month of the Islamic calendar Denanyar 1940 in Jombang, East Java from the couple Wahid Hasyim and Solichah . There is a belief that he was born on August 4 , but the calendar used to mark the day of his birth is the Islamic calendar , which means he was born on the 4th of Sha'ban , equal to 7 September 1940 .

He was born with the name Abdurrahman Addakhil . " Addakhil " means " the Conqueror " . Said " Addakhil " is not well known and replaced the name " Wahid " , and later known as Gus Dur calls . " Gus " is a distinctive honor boarding call to a child kiai means " brother " or " mas " .

Gus Dur is the first son of six children . Wahid was born in a very respectable family in East Java Muslim community . Grandfather of his father is K.H. Asyari Hashim , the founder of Nahdlatul Ulama ( NU ) , while his maternal grandfather , KH Bisri Syansuri , was the first boarding school teacher who teaches a class on women [ 3 ] . Wahid 's father , K.H. Wahid Hasyim , was involved in the Nationalist Movement and became Minister of Religious Affairs in 1949. 's Mother , Mrs. . Hj . Sholehah , is the daughter of the founder of Islamic boarding school in Jombang Denanyar . His brother was Salahuddin Wahid and Lily Wahid . He was married to Sinta Nuriyah and had four daughters : Alisa , Yenny , Anita , and Inayah .

Gus Dur has stated publicly that he has Chinese blood .  Abdurrahman Wahid claimed that he was a descendant of Tan Kim Han is married to Tan A Lok , siblings Raden Patah ( Tan Eng Hwa ) , the founder of the Sultanate of Demak .

Tomb of Princess Campa in Trowulan ( photo taken in 1870 to 1900 )

A Tan and Tan Eng Hwa Lok is a child of Princess Campa , daughter of a Chinese concubine Raden Brawijaya V. [ 6 ] Tan Kim Han himself later a study by French researchers , Louis - Charles Damais identified as Sheikh Abdul Qadir Al - Shini that Trowulan found in his tomb .

In 1944 , Wahid moved from Jombang to Jakarta , where his father was elected as the first Chairman of the Shura Council of the Muslim Party of Indonesia ( Masjumi ) , an organization established with the support of the Japanese army when it occupied Indonesia . After the declaration of Indonesian independence on August 17, 1945 , Gus Dur back to Jombang and remained there during the Indonesian war of independence against the Dutch . At the end of the war in 1949, Wahid moved to Jakarta and his father was appointed as a Minister of Religion . Abdurrahman Wahid studied in Jakarta , go to SD KRIS before moving to the SD Matraman Perwari . Wahid also taught to read non- Muslim books , magazines , and newspapers by his father to expand his knowledge . Wahid continued to live in Jakarta with his family even though his father had not become a minister of religion in 1952 . In April 1953 , Wahid's father died in a car accident .

Wahid continued education and in 1954 , he entered junior high school . In that year , he was not the next grade . His mother then send Wahid to Yogyakarta to continue his education with the Koran to KH . Ali Krapyak infallible at boarding school and learn in junior high . In 1957 , after graduating from junior high school , Wahid moved to Magelang to begin Muslim Education at Pesantren Tegalrejo . He developed a reputation as a gifted student , completed the pesantren education within two years ( should have been four years ) . In 1959 , Wahid moved to a boarding school in Jombang Tambakberas . There, while continuing his own education , Wahid also received his first job as a teacher and later as head of the madrassa school . Gus Dur was also employed as a journalist for magazines such as Horizon and Culture Magazine Jaya .

Wahid 's first Cabinet , Cabinet of National Unity , is a coalition cabinet includes members of various political parties : PDI - P , PKB , Golkar , PPP , PAN , and Justice Party ( PK ) . Non - partisan and military are also present in the cabinet . Wahid then started doing two government reform . The first reform is to dissolve the Ministry of Information , the main weapon of the Soeharto regime in control of the media . The second reform is to dissolve the corrupt Ministry of Social Affairs .

In November 1999 , Wahid visited the ASEAN member countries , Japan , United States , Qatar , Kuwait , and Jordan . After that , in December , he visited the People's Republic of China .

After one month in the National Unity Cabinet , Coordinating Minister for Minister for Poverty Alleviation ( Menko Taskin ) Hamzah Haz announced his resignation in November . Alleged that caused his resignation as Gus Dur accused some members of the cabinet of corruption while he was still in the United States . Some suspect that the resignation of Hamzah Haz caused by displeasure over Gus Dur's approach to Israel .

Abdurrahman plan is to give Aceh referendum . But this referendum determines such autonomy and not independence referendum in East Timor . Wahid also wanted to adopt a softer approach towards Aceh by reducing the number of military personnel in the State of the Veranda of Mecca . On December 30 , Wahid visited Jayapura in Irian Jaya province . During his visit , Wahid managed to convince the Papuan leaders that he encouraged the use of the name Papua .

Abdurrahman Wahid at the World Economic Forum in 2000.

In January 2000 , Gus Dur travel to other overseas to Switzerland to attend the World Economic Forum and visited Saudi Arabia on the way back to Indonesia . In February , Wahid to travel abroad to other European to visit the UK , France , Netherlands , Germany , and Italy . On the way home from Europe , Wahid also visited India , South Korea , Thailand , and Brunei Darussalam . In March , Wahid visited East Timor . In April , Wahid visited South Africa en route to Cuba to attend a meeting of G - 77 , before back through Mexico City and Hong Kong . In June , Wahid once again visited America , Japan , and France with Iran , Pakistan , and Egypt as the new additions to the list of countries he visited .

When Gus Dur to Europe in February , he began to ask General Wiranto resign from the post of Coordinating Minister for Politics and Security . Wahid saw Wiranto both as an obstacle to military reform plan , and also because of alleged human rights abuses in East Timor against Wiranto .

When Wahid returned to Jakarta , Wiranto talked to him and succeeded in convincing Wahid not to replace it . However , Wahid then changed his mind and asked him to resign . In April 2000 , Wahid dismissed Minister of State for Industry and Trade Jusuf Kalla and Minister of State Enterprises Laksamana Sukardi . Wahid reason given is that both are involved in corruption cases , although Gus Dur never give strong evidence .

This is exacerbating relations with Golkar and Gus Dur PDI - P .

In March 2000 , Wahid's government started negotiations with the Free Aceh Movement ( GAM ) . Two months later , the government signed a memorandum of understanding with GAM until early 2001 , when the two signatories would violate the agreement . Gus Dur also suggested that TAP MPRS No. . XXIX/MPR/1966 which prohibit Marxism- Leninism revoked .

He also tried to establish relations with Israel , which caused outrage in the Muslim group in Indonesia. [ 43 ] This issue was raised in the speech Ribbhi Awad , the Palestinian ambassador to Indonesia , to the Palestinian parliament in 2000. Another issue that arises is membership in Wahid Shimon Foundation Peres . Both Wahid and his foreign minister Alwi Shihab against depictions improper Indonesian President , and Alwi called for Awad , the Palestinian ambassador to Indonesia , to be replaced .

In an effort to reform the military and the military issued from socio - political space , Wahid found an ally , namely Wirahadikusumah , whose appointment became Commander of the Army Strategic Reserve Command in March . In July 2000 , Agus began to open up a scandal involving Dharma Putra , a foundation linked to the Strategic Reserve Command . Through Megawati , TNI members began pressuring Wahid to remove Agus positions . Gus Dur follow these pressures , but plans Agus appointed as the Army Chief of Staff . TNI top brass responded by threatening to retire , so Gus Dur should be according to the back pressure .

Wahid relationship with the TNI deteriorated when the Laskar Jihad arrived in Maluku and armed by the TNI . Laskar Jihad goes to Maluku to assist Muslims in conflict with Christians . Wahid asked for military action to stop the Laskar Jihad , but they still made ​​it to Maluku and armed by the TNI weapons .

There were also two scandals in 2000 , the scandal Buloggate and Bruneigate . In May , the State Logistics Agency ( Bulog ) reported that $ 4 million disappeared from Bulog's stockpile cash . Gus Dur's personal masseur claimed that he was sent by Wahid to Bulog to take the money . Although the money has been restored , enemies accused him of Gus Dur involved in this scandal . The scandal called Buloggate scandal . At the same time , Wahid was also accused of keeping money $ 2 million for himself . The money was donated by the Sultan of Brunei to assist in Aceh . However , Wahid failed to account for these funds . The scandal called Bruneigate scandal .

2000 General Session approached , Wahid popularity is still high . Wahid allies such as Megawati , Akbar , and Amien still support him despite the scandals and the minister 's removal . At the General Session , Wahid speech received by a majority of members of the Assembly . During the speech , Wahid aware of his weaknesses as a leader and stated he would delegate some tasks . [ 48 ] Members of the Assembly agreed and proposed that Megawati accept the task . At first the MPR planned to implement these proposals as MPR , but the Presidential Decree was sufficient . On 23 August, Wahid announced a new Cabinet despite Megawati want the announcement was delayed . Megawati showed her displeasure by not attending the announcement of the cabinet . The new cabinet is smaller and include more non - partisan . There were no Golkar members in the new cabinet Gus Dur .

In September , Wahid declared martial law in Maluku as the condition there worsened. At that point it became clear that Laskar Jihad is supported by members of the military and also the possibility funded by Fuad Bawazier , finance minister last Soeharto . In the same month , the Morning Star flag fluttering in West Papua . Gus Dur allow the Morning Star flag was hoisted as long as it is under the Indonesian flag . He was criticized by Megawati and Akbar as this . On December 24, 2000 , bomb attacks against churches in Jakarta and eight other cities across Indonesia .

At the end of 2000 , there were a lot of disappointed with the political elite Wahid . The best person to show his disappointment was Amien . He expressed dismay support Wahid as president last year . Amien also attempted to collect the opposition to convince Megawati and Gus Dur to loosen their political muscle . Megawati protect Gus Dur , while Akbar awaiting legislative elections in 2004.

At the end of November , 151 DPR members signed a petition calling for the impeachment of Abdurrahman.

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President Megawati Soekarno Putri

Dyah Permata Megawati Sukarnoputri Setyawati or more commonly known as Megawati Sukarnoputri , or usually called by dialing "Ma'am Mega " ( born in Yogyakarta , January 23, 1947 , age 67 years ) is Indonesia's fifth president who served since 23 July 2001-20 October 2004. he was Indonesia 's first female president and son of the first president of Indonesia , Sukarno , who later followed his father's footsteps into the President of Indonesia . On 20 September 2004 , he was defeated by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in the 2004 presidential election second round .

He became president after the Assembly held a special session of the Assembly in 2001 . Assembly Special Session held in response to the step of President Abdurrahman Wahid ( Gus Dur ) were freeze agency MPR / DPR and the Golkar Party . He was sworn in on July 23, 2001 . Previously from 1999-2001 , he was Vice President under President Abdurrahman Wahid ( Gus Dur ) .

Megawati is also the chairman of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle ( PDI - P ) since the split from the Indonesian Democratic Party in 1999 .

The life span

Megawati Sukarnoputri is the second son of President Sukarno, who had proclaimed the independence of Indonesia on August 17, 1945 . Megawati 's mother , Fatmawati , is a girl born in Bengkulu in which Sukarno had once been exiled in the Dutch colonial period . He was born during the Dutch military aggression . At the time of Sukarno was exiled to the island of Bangka , Fatmawati gave birth to a baby named Megawati Sukarnoputri , on January 23, 1947 in the village Ledok Ratmakan , the western edge of the time code . After the independence of Indonesia , Megawati and brought up in an atmosphere of luxury at the Presidential Palace .

He's been studying at Padjadjaran University in Bandung ( not to graduate ) in agriculture , in addition to also studied at the Faculty of Psychology , University of Indonesia .

Traces of the father of political impact on the self Megawati Sukarnoputri . Because as a student , while studying at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Padjadjaran , he was always active in the Indonesian National Student Movement ( GMNI ) .

1986

In 1986 he started to go into politics , as vice chairman of the PDI Branch Central Jakarta . Fairly bolted political career . Mega only took one year to members of the House of Representatives .

1993

In PDI Extraordinary Congress held in Surabaya in 1993 , Megawati was elected by acclamation as Chairman of PDI .

1996

However , the government is not satisfied with Mega election as Chairman of PDI . Mega also didongkel in PDI Congress in Medan in 1996 , who chose Soerjadi as Chairman of PDI .

Mega Pendongkelan not accept him and does not recognize Congress Medan . He still felt as Chairman of PDI legitimate . And office equipment was controlled by the Mega . Mega party would not recede a single step . They are still trying to maintain the PDI office . However , the government-backed Soerjadi pose a threat to forcibly seize the PDI office located at Jalan Diponegoro .

Soerjadi threat became a reality . Dated July 27, 1996 Soerjadi group really seize the PDI headquarters of Megawati supporters . Attack that left dozens dead Megawati supporters , culminated in riots in Jakarta which is known as the 27 July . The unrest also makes some of the activists in jail .

The attack did not dampen the PDI headquarters Mega step . In fact , he was more determined resistance flap . He chose the legal path , although later failed in court . Mega still did not stop . Inevitably , the PDI was terbalah two : under Soerjadi PDI and PDI leader Megawati . The Government recognizes Soerjadi as Chairman of PDI legitimate . However , PDI Mega favored .

1997

PDI alignments to Mega increasingly visible in the 1997 election . Acquisition PDI under Soerjadi fallen sharply . Most mass sided Mega Development Party , which gave birth to the term " Mega Star " . Mega himself chose that moment abstentions .

1999

Election 1999 Mega PDI has changed its name to PDI-P won the election . Despite not winning a landslide , but he won more than thirty percent of the vote . The mass of supporters , forcing that Mega become president . They threatened that if Mega will not be president revolution .

However flow evolving in the 1999 General Assembly said another : select KH Abdurrahman Wahid as president . He narrowly lost the presidential election voting : 373 vs 313 votes.

Megawati Sukarnoputri met with George W. Bush , 2001

2001

However , time is also in favor of Megawati Sukarnoputri . He did not have to wait five years to replace the position of President Abdurrahman Wahid , after the 1999 General Assembly to thwart become President . Assembly Special Session on Monday ( 23/07/2001 ) , has raised its status to the President , after President Abdurrahman Wahid repealed the mandate by the MPR .

2004

The reign of Megawati marked by the strengthening of democratic consolidation in Indonesia , during pemerintahannyalah , direct presidential elections held and is generally considered one of the success of the democratization process in Indonesia . He suffered defeat ( 40 % - 60 % ) in the 2004 presidential election and shall submit milestones Yudhoyono presidency to former Coordinating Minister during his reign .

                                                                                  (6)

Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

Gen. . (Ret. ) Dr. . H. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, AC GCB ( born in Tremas , Arjosari , Pacitan , East Java , Indonesia , 9 September 1949 , age 64 years ) is the 6th President of Indonesia who served since October 20, 2004 . He , along with Vice President Muhammad Jusuf Kalla , was elected in the 2004 presidential election [ 1 ] [ 2 ] . He managed to continue his reign for the second period with back to win the 2009 Presidential election , this time with Vice President Boediono . Thus, since the reform era began , President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono is Indonesia's first presidency finish for 5 years and successfully re-elected for a second term .

Yudhoyono called " Sus " by his parents and popularly call " SBY " , spent part of his childhood and teenage years in Pacitan . He is a retired military . While in the military he was better known as Bambang Yudhoyono . Military career stalled when he was appointed President Abdurrahman Wahid as the Minister of Mines and Energy in 1999 and emerged as one of the founders of the Democratic Party . Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono last rank was Army General before retiring on 25 September 2000 . At the 2004 Presidential election , the advantage of President Megawati Sukarnoputri's voice made ​​him the first president elected through direct election by the people of Indonesia . This was made ​​possible after the 1945 amendment .

In his personal life , he was married to Christian Herrawati which is the third daughter of General ( Ret. ) Sarwo Edhi Wibowo ( late) , commander of the Special Forces ( Kopassus now ) who helped crush the Indonesian Communist Party ( PKI ) in 1965 .

Presidency

MPR in the period 1999-2004 to amend the Constitution of 1945 UUD 1945 so as to allow the president and vice president elected directly by the people . Presidential elections he won two stages and then with 60.9 percent of the vote and was elected president . He then recorded as the first elected president of the people's choice and featured as the sixth president of Indonesia after the inauguration on October 20, 2004 with Vice President Jusuf Kalla . He was ahead of President Megawati Sukarnoputri - mate Hasyim in 2004.

Collusion , Corruption and Nepotism ( KKN ) as an important priority in his leadership in addition to the case of global terrorism . Combating the dangers of drugs , gambling , and trafficking as well as heavy loads that require hard work with the leadership and the people .

In his tenure , Indonesia experienced a number of natural disasters such as tsunamis , earthquakes , etc. . All of this is an additional challenge for the president who is still struggling with efforts to restore the country's economic life and welfare .

Yudhoyono also formed UKP4R , a presidential institution, which is currently chaired by Kuntoro ( Marsilam Simandjuntak at the time of formation ) on October 26, 2006 .

 The institute is at the beginning of its formation opposition from the Golkar Party along with the issue of exclusion of Vice President Jusuf Kalla in the formation and establishment issues UKP4R authority to trim the Vice President , but eventually accepted after SBY himself explained in a press release.